2013년 12월 4일 수요일

오후 5:17

By Margit Eudy

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About 'univ florida gainesville'|Greetings from Gainesville







About 'univ florida gainesville'|Greetings from Gainesville








Ｉ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ               ｄｉｓｔｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒ,               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｓ               ｉｎａｄｅｑｕａｔｅ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｌａｂｏｒ.

Ｈｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｃｕｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｓａｔｉｓｆａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｓｉｇｎｅｅｓ.

Ｈｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｔｅｒ,               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｌｉｂｅｒａｌｉｔｙ               ｏｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               -               ｓｈｏｏｔｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ａｒｒｏｗ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｒｏｗ               ｌｏｓｔ,               ｔｉｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｉｖｅｒ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｈａｕｓｔｅｄ,               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｃｈｅｒ               ｐｒｕｄｅｎｔｌｙ               ｄｅｓｉｓｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔ.

Ｓｉｒ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ               Ｙｏｕｎｇ,               (ｐｌａｎｔｅｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｏｒ               ｏｆ               Ｔｏｂａｇｏ)               
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               Ｐｌａｃｅ               Ｂｏｏｋ,               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ,:               Ｒ.

Ｐｈｉｌｌｉｐｓ,               1807.

48
               Ｉｎ               1928,               Ｌｏｗｅｌｌ               Ｊ.

Ｒａｇａｔｚ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｇｒｏｕｎｄ-ｂｒｅａｋｉｎｇ               ｂｏｏｋ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｌａｎｔｅｒ               Ｃｌａｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｃａｒｉｂｂｅａｎ,               1763               -               1833,               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｓｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ'ｓ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｓｕｃｃｉｎｃｔｌｙ               ａｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ａ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               "ａ               ｗａｓｔｅｆｕｌ               ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｖａｌｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｗｌｙ-ｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄ               ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌ               ｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｉｅｓ,               ａｄｈｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｅｄ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ａｌｌ               ｒｅａｌ               ｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔ               ｈａｄ               ｃｅａｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｉｓｔ,               ｖｉｃｉｏｕｓ               ｆｉｓｃａｌ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｔｙ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｔｅｒｍｉｔｔｅｎｔ               ｗａｒｆａｒｅ."[ｉ]
               Ｔｈｅ               ａｂｏｌｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｉｎ               1807               ｓｐａｒｋｅｄ               ａｎ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               ｄｅｂａｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｓ               ｌａｓｔｅｄ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｔｏｄａｙ               ａｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｏｒ               ｈｕｍａｎｉｔａｒｉａｎ               ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｏｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｍｉｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｔｒａｄｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｈｅｒｅｉｎ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ａｔｌａｎｔｉｃ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｏｎ               ｅｘａｃｅｒｂａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｏｕｔｍｏｄｅｄ.

Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｐｌａｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｓｍ               ｔｈａｔ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｏｎ               ａｓ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｌａｂｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｔｒａｄｅ,               ｉｔ               ｆｏｒＪａｍａｉｃａ'ｓ               ｇｌｏｒｙ               ｄａｙｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ
               Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               1731-75               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｒｏｓｅ               170               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｅｘ               ｏｆ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｒｏｓｅ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ.[ｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｓｏ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒ               ｓｐｅｌｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｅａｄｙ               ｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔｓ.
               Ｎｏ               ｂｉｇｇｅｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ-Ｃａｒｉｂｂｅａｎ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｔ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｅｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｂａｒｇａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｃｈｉｐ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｔｒｉｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｌｅｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｔ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｌｏｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｔｅｅｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｃａｒｉｂｂｅａｎ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｏｐ               ｅｘｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ               ｉｎ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               1774.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｅｄ               ｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｗｏｒｒｉｅｄ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｙ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｃｌｏｓｅｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉａｌ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｙ               ｋｎｅｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｒｄ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｔｗｏ               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ               ｌａｔｅｒ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ｌｏｙａｌｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｋｉｎｇ,               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ａ               ｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｍｏｒｉａｌ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ.[ｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ａ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ.[ｉｖ]               Ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｌｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｐａｒｌｉａｍｅｎｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｉｎｆｕｒｉａｔｅｄ,               ａｎｄ               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ｒｅｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｈａｄ               ｌｏｓｔ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｗｉｌｌ.

Ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｃａｒｉｂｂｅａｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ,               ｆｅａｒｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ,               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｗｈｏｌｅｈｅａｒｔｅｄｌｙ               ｃａｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｏｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ.

"Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ:               ｉｎ               1773,               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ａｌｏｎｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｔｅｅｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ."[ｖ]
               Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               Ｗａｒ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｔｒａｄｅｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｄｉｍｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｏｒｙ               Ａｃｔ,               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｓｏｏｎ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｌ               ｓｋｉｒｍｉｓｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ,               ｃｕｔ               ｏｆｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｌｉｎｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               "ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ               ｓａｙｉｎｇ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｍｉｎｉｓｔｒｙ               ｈａｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｌｏｓｔ               ｔｈｉｒｔｅｅｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｅｉｇｈｔ               ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ."[ｖｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ               ｈｉｇｈ-ｆｌｙｉｎｇ               Ａｔｌａｎｔｉｃ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｈａｍｂｌｅｓ.
               Ｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｌｕｍｂｅｒ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ.

Ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉａｌ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｎｏｎ-ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｔ.[ｖｉｉ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ               ｓｅｎｓｅ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｔｈｅｒ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｗａｎｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｉｔｓ               ｏｗｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ.

Ｏｎｌｙ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ               ｈａｄ               ｅｘｔｒａ               ｌａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｏｏｄ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓｎ'ｔ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｑｕｉｔｅ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｈｅａｐ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｃａｕｓｅｄ               ｆｌｏｕｒ               ｔｏ               ｄｏｕｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｅｆ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｒｉｐｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ-ｔｉｍｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ.[ｖｉｉｉ]               Ｆｒｏｍ               1763-75,               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｗｅｒｅ               ₤1,702,309               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               1776-83               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ₤160,473.[ｉｘ]               Ｉｎ               ａ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｌｏｗ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｒｏｓｅ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ａｓ               ｆｏｏｄ               ｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙ.[ｘ]               Ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｃａｒｃｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔ               ｓｈｉｐｐｉｎｇ,               ｒｕｍ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｌａｓｓｅｓ               ｇａｖｅ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｓｈｉｐｐｅｄ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ｈｏｍｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｒ-ｔｉｍｅ               ｄｕｔｉｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｒａｉｓｉｎｇ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔ.[ｘｉ]               Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ｉｎ               1779               Ｐａｒｌｉａｍｅｎｔ               ｌｅｖｉｅｄ               ａ               ｔａｘ               ｏｆ               5               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｘｃｉｓｅ               ｄｕｔｉｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ;               ｔｈｅ               ｄｕｔｙ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｗｅｉｇｈｔ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               6ｓ               4ｄ               ｉｎ               1775               ｔｏ               6ｓ               8ｄ               ｉｎ               1779;               ｔｈｅｎ               ｕｐ               5ｄ               ｉｎ               1780;               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               1781               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｔｏｔａｌ               ｏｆ               11ｓ               8               ½               ｄ.

Ａ               ｙｅａｒ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｒａｉｓｅｄ               ａｇａｉｎ               ｔｏ               12ｓ               3ｄ.[ｘｉｉ]               Ｅｘｐｏｒｔｓ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｓｈｉｐｐｉｎｇ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｐｒｉｖａｔｅｅｒｉｎｇ,               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｈｕｒｒｉｃａｎｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｐｅｌｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｒｙ               ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ.

Ｃａｓｋｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｔｏ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ               ｉｎ               1774-5               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｅｄ               51,218,               ｉｎ               1777-78               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               33,856               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               1780-81               ｈｕｒｒｉｃａｎｅｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               30,282               ｃａｓｋｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｅｘｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               1782               ａｎｄ               1783.[ｘｉｉｉ]
               Ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｔｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｉｎ               1778               ａｓ               ａｌｌｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｗｏｒｓｅｎｅｄ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ'ｓ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ｌｏｓｔ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｌｕｍｂｅｒ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｒｅａｌ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ａｔｔａｃｋ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｃｉｔｅｄ               ｂｅｌｏｗ               ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ               ｂｅｍｏａｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｉｖｅ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｎａｓｈｅｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｔｅｅｔｈ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｉｎ               Ｋｉｎｇｓｔｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｏｗｎｓ.
               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｊ.

ＭｃＣｕｓｋｅｒ'ｓ               ｄａｔａ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｖｅｌｙ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｇｒｏｗｔｈ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1780ｓ               "ｗａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｓｌｏｗｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｉｎ               ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ               ｄｅｃａｄｅｓ"               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｈｅ               ｔｒｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒ               ａｗａｙ               ｂｙ               ａｎｎｏｕｎｃｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｏｕｔｐｕｔ               ｏｂｖｉａｔｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｔａ.[ｘｉｖ]               Ｉｔ               ｓｅｅｍｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ａ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｉｎｇ               ｒａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｇｒｏｗｔｈ               ｉｎ               ｓｌａｖｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ａ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｒａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｗａｓ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｍａｓｔｅｒｓ.

Ｉｎ               1778               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               205,261               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               18,420               ｗｈｉｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ,               ａｎｄ               ｂｙ               1787               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｔｉｏ               ｈａｄ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               210,894               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               25,000               ｗｈｉｔｅｓ.[ｘｖ]
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ'               Ｖｉｅｗ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｃｅ               ｕｎｔｏｕｃｈａｂｌｙ               ｗｅａｌｔｈｙ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｋｉｎｇｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏｗ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇ               ｄｗｉｎｄｌｉｎｇ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｌｅｖｅｒａｇｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               "ｎｅａｒ-ｍｏｎｏｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ｓｔａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ".[ｘｖｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｄｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃａｔｔｌｅ,               ａ               ｂｉｔ               ｏｆ               ｒｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｄｉｇｏ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｇｒｏｗｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｏｏｄ.

Ｔｗｏ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｓｅｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｐａｐｅｒｓ               ｏｆｆｅｒ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｅｌｙ               ｕｐｂｅａｔ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｔａｌｉｓｔｉｃ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ａ               ｇｌｉｍｐｓｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｆａｃｉｎｇ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎｄｅｅｄ               ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅｌｙ               ｐｅｓｓｉｍｉｓｔｉｃ,               ｗｏｒｒｙｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.
               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               (1721-1786)               ｗａｓ               ａ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｌａｎｄｏｗｎｅｒ               ｉｎ               Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ.

Ｈｅ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａ               10,000               ｐａｇｅ               ｄｉａｒｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｂｏｏｋｓ.

Ｈｅ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｇｙｐｔ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｎｅａｒ               Ｓａｖａｎｎａ               ｌａ               Ｍａｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               1760ｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｄｉａｒｙ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｈｉｍ.

Ｍｒ.

Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｅｄ               ｌｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓ               ｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒ               Ｍｒ.

Ｃｏｌｅ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｇｒｅａｔ               Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｈｅｒ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ,               ｉｎ               Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               ｏｆ               1775.[ｘｖｉｉ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｒｏｓｓ-ｌｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｔｒａｃｔｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏｏｋ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｍ.

Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅ,               ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｈｅ               ｓｅｅｍｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｙｏｎｄ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ,               ｗａｓ               ｐｕｔ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               "ｐｅｎｓ"               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｃ               ｃａｔｔｌｅ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｆｏｏｄ.

Ｂｙ               ｅａｒｌｙ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               1778,               Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎ               Ｓａｖａｎｎａｈ               ｌａ               Ｍａｒ               "Ｍａｒｔｉａｌ               ｌａｗ               ｗａｓ               ｐｒｏｃｌａｉｍｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｗｎ               ｌａｓｔ               Ｆｒｉｄａｙ,               ａｎｄ               ａｎ               ｅｍｂａｒｇｏ               ｌａｉｄ               ｏｎ               ａｌｌ               ｓｈｉｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｖｅｓｓｅｌｓ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｐｌａｎｔａｉｎ               ｂｏａｔ."[ｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ               ｊｏｉｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｏｎｌｙ               ａ               ｗｅｅｋ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｈｅａｖｙ               ｗｉｎｄｓ               ｄａｍａｇｅｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｃｒｏｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｅｎｔｒｙ               ｆｏｒ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               18ｔｈ               ｗａｓ:               "Ｗｅ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｎｅａｒｌｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｆａｍｉｎｅ."[ｘｉｘ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｏｄ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｍｉｎｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｒｉｖａｌ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｆｌｅｅｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｃｏｒｋ               ｉｎ               ｌａｔｅ               Ｍａｙ               ｏｆ               1779               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｃｅｌｅｂｒａｔｏｒｙ               ｅｖｅｎｔ:               Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ｂｕｙｉｎｇ               ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｆｏｏｄ,               ｃｌｏｔｈ,               ｓｔｏｒｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｄａｙ               ｌａｔｅｒ,               61               ｌｂｓ               ｏｆ               ｔａｌｌｏｗ               ｃａｎｄｌｅｓ.[ｘｘ]
               Ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ａ               ｗｏｒｒｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ａｎｄ               ｏｎ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ               1ｓｔ               1780               Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｓｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｕｒｒｉｃａｎｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ:               "...ｔｈｅｎ               ｍｙ               ｄｗｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｏ,               ａｎｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｓｕｎｓｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｉｎｄ               ｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｕｔｈ...ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｎ               Ｉ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ａｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｈｅｉｇｈｔ...ｔｏｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｉｅｃｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｍｙ               ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｎｇ               ｉｔ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｗａｙｓ."               Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｄａｙ               ｈｅ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               "ｆａｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｔｈ               ｌｏｏｋｓ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｄｏｅｓ               ａｔ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｉｎ               ｗｉｎｔｅｒ,               ａｆｔｅｒ               ａ               ｗｅｅｋ'ｓ               Ｂｌａｃｋ               Ｆｒｏｓｔ."[ｘｘｉ]               Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｕｌｔｉｍａｔｅｌｙ               ｒｅｂｕｉｌｄ,               1780               ｗａｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｗａｔｅｒｓｈｅｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｈｅａｌｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｔｅａｄｉｌｙ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ.
               Ｓｉｍｏｎ               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｗａｓ               ｂｏｒｎ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｉｎ               1740,               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｃａｒｅｅｒ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ               ｆｏｒ               ａｂｓｅｎｔｅｅ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ.

Ｈｅ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ａ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｗｎ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｉｎ               1813               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｐｕｔｅｄｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｃｈｅｓｔ               ｍａｎ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ.

Ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ,               ｂｅｉｎｇ               Ｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               Ｋｉｎｇｓｔｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               Ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｙ,               1763-81,               Ｃｈｉｅｆ               Ｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｕｒｔ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               Ｐｌｅａｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｉｅｕｔｅｎａｎｔ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｏｒ               ｏｆ               Ｍｉｌｉｔｉａ.

Ｈｅ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ａ               ｔｒｏｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               1770               ａｎｄ               1835               ｒｅｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｅｓｔａｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｓｉｍｏｎ               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｓｈｏｗ               ａ               ｔｙｃｏｏｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ.
               Ｏｎ               Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ               19ｔｈ               1774               ｈｅ               ｎｏｔｅｄ:               "Ｉｎｄｅｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｍｅ               ｒｅａｌ               Ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ.

Ｉ               ｗｉｓｈ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅｄ               Ｉ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｃｏｎｃｅｉｖｅ."[ｘｘｉｉ]               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒｓａｗ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄ               Ｃｈａｌｏｎｅｒ               Ａｒｃｅｄｅｋｎｅ'ｓ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ａｓ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｍａｎｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅｓ.

Ｉｎ               ａ               ｌｏｎｇ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               1775               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ａｂｓｅｎｔｅｅ               ｌａｎｄｌｏｒｄ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               "...Ｉ               ａｍ               ｓｏｒｒｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｇａｒｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｆｅｔｃｈ               ｓｏ               ｇｏｏｄ               ａ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ."[ｘｘｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅｎ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｈｅ               ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ:               "Ｉｆ               Ｉ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｕｔｔ               ｏｎ               20               Ｎｅｇｒｏｅｓ               ａ               ｙｅａｒ               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｂｏｕｇｈｔ               ｏｆ               Ｋｅｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｅｎａｂｌｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｕｐ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｏ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｏｗｎ               ｗｏｒｋ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｆａｌｌ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               Ｓｕｇａｒｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｍｅ               ｄｅｆｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ               ｕｎｔｉｌｌ               Ｉ               ｈｅａｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｙｏｕ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｓａｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｊｏｂｂｉｎｇ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｐａｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｇｒｏｅｓ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｏｗｎ."[ｘｘｉｖ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｗａｒ-ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ.

Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ｔｏ               Ａｒｃｅｄｅｋｎｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｎｅ               ｏｆ               1775:
               "Ｉｎ               ｒｅｇａｒｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｕｒ               Ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               Ｉ               ａｍ               ｉｎ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｈｏｐｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｒｉｓｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｅｖｉｌ.

Ｗｅ               ｃａｎ               ｄｏ               ｔｏｌｅｒａｂｌｅ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ.

Ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｌａｎｄ               ｅｎｏｕｇｈ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｌｕｍｂｅｒ               ｅｔｃ.

ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｗｈｉｔｅ               ｏａｋ               ｓｔａｖｅｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｔｒｕｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｄｅａｒｅｒ               ｂｕｔ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｗｅ               ｃａｎ               ｇｅｔｔ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｐａｉｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｒｅｓｔ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｕｓ               ａｎｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｃａｒｒｙｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｈｉｓｐａｎｉｏｌａ               ｔｏ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ               Ｓｕｇａｒ               Ｍｏｌａｓｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｆｆｅｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｍｕｇｇｌｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｕｉｎ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               Ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ."[ｘｘｖ]
               Ｙｅｔ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｌｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｙｅａｒ               ｈｅ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｄｕｔｉｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ:
               "Ｉ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｓｏｒｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｎｙ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               4               ½               ｐ.ｃｔ.

ｄｕｔｙ               ｏｎ               ｏｕｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ...ｔｈｉｓ               Ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｊｕｎｃｔｕｒｅ               ｂｅ               ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｌｙ               ｒｕｉｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａ               ｔａｘ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｗ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｌａｓｔ               ｙｅａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｃｅｓｓｉｖｅ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｎｅｇｒｏｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｌａｓｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｂｉｌｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｂａｃｋ               ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔｅｄ."[ｘｘｖｉ]
               Ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｉｎ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               1775               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｏｒｍｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               ｈｉｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｓｓｕｒｅ               Ａｒｃｅｄｅｋｎｅ               ｉｎ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ:
               "Ｉｆ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｎｏｎ-ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｅｘｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｙｏｕ               ａｒｅ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｌｕｍｂｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｂｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｎｏ               ａｐｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               Ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｎｏｔｗｉｔｈｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ...ｔｈａｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｂｌｅ               Ｎｅｇｒｏｅｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｗｏ               ｈｏｕｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               Ｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ               ｏｎ               ａ               Ｓｕｎｄａｙ               ｍｏｒｎｉｎｇ               ｂｕｔ               ｂｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｐｉｅｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｌａｂｏｕｒ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｇｅｔｔ               ａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ａｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｓａｔｉｓｆｙ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｗｅｅｋ."               Ｈｅ               ｎｏｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｕｙ               ｔｈｅ               20               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔｅｄ,               "ｕｎｔｉｌｌ               ｗｅ               ｓｅｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｄｉｓｐｕｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔａｋｅｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ."[ｘｘｖｉｉ]
               Ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ,               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ｆｏｏｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ.

Ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ａ               ｍｅａｇｅｒ               ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ               ｒａｔｉｏｎ,               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｓａｌｔ               ｈｅｒｒｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｏｂｔａｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆｏｏｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｏｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ.

Ｉｎ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｋｅｅｐ               ａｎｙ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔｓ.[ｘｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｂｕｔ               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｋｎｅｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｂａｄ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ａｓ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｅｘｐｏｎｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｂａｄ               ｗｅａｔｈｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｄｏｗｎｔｕｒｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｄｏｕｂｔ               ｔｈａｔ               "ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ."[ｘｘｉｘ]               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｗａｓ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｏｆｆ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｗｎｅｒ               ｔｏ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｇｒｏｗ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｌｙ.[ｘｘｘ]
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               Ｍｅｒｃｕｒｙ/Ｒｏｙａｌ               Ｇａｚｅｔｔｅ
               Ｋｉｎｇｓｔｏｎ,               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｈａｄ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｔｗｏ               ｗｅｅｋｌｙ               ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒｓ,               ａｌｌ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｆｏｕｒ-ｐａｇｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｈａｌｆ               ｆｉｌｌｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｎｅｗ               ｓｔｏｃｋ,               ｃｏｎｆｉｓｃａｔｅｄ               ｃａｒｇｏｓ,               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｓａｌｅｓ,               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｗａｒｄｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ               ｏｆ               ｒｕｎａｗａｙ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ.

Ｏｎｅ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒｇａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ.[ｘｘｘｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               Ｍｅｒｃｕｒｙ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｏｆ               Ｃｒｏｗｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ,               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｎｏｔｉｃｅａｂｌｅ               ｐａｒｏｃｈｉａｌ               ｂｅｎｔ.

Ｎｅｗｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｐａｒｌｉａｍｅｎｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｐｉｅｄ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｖｅｒｂａｔｉｍ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,               ｂｏｔｈ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ａｎｄ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ.

Ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｈｅａｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｔ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ｉｎｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅ.

Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｏｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓ               ａｒｅ               ｆｅｗ               ａｎｄ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｓｈｉｐ               ｃａｐｔｕｒｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃａｒｇｏ               ｓａｌｅｓ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               Ｏｎ               Ｊｕｎｅ               5ｔｈ               1779               ａ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒ:               "Ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｓｔ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｄａｙｓ               ａ               ｓｃａｎｄａｌｏｕｓ               Ｉｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ｔａｋｅ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｅｅｆ               Ｍａｒｋｅｔ               -               ｆｒｏｍ               7               ½               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｔｃｈｅｒｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｄａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒａｉｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｅｆ               ｔｏ               10               ｄ               ｐｅｒ               ｌｂ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｄｅｆｉａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｌａｗ."[ｘｘｘｉｉ]               Ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄ               ａｎｎｏｙａｎｃｅ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｏｕｒ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｓｅｎｔｉｍｅｎｔ               ｃａｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ｂｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ｉｎ               ａｓｉｄｅｓ               ｔａｋｅｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌ               ｏｎ               "Ｌｏｒｄ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｕｎｇｌｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｕｄｇｅｔ"               ｏｎ               Ｍａｙ               3ｒｄ               1779:               "...ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｏｒｍｏｕｓ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅ               ｉｎｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｗａｒ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｅｄ               ａｌｌ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ..."[ｘｘｘｉｉｉ]               Ａｎｄ               ａ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗ               ｕｐ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｌｏｒｄ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ｄｅｂａｔｉｎｇ               Ｍｒ.

Ｆｏｘ               ｉｎ               Ｐａｒｌｉａｍｅｎｔ,               ｗｈｏ               ｑｕｅｒｉｅｄ:               "Ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｓｕｒｄ               ｗａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｏｎ,               ｏｒ               ｗａｓ               ｉｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｌｉｎｑｕｉｓｈｅｄ?

Ｄｏ               ｙｏｕ               ｉｎｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｕｐ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ?"[ｘｘｘｉｖ]
               Ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               1779               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               1780               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ.

Ａｎｏｎｙｍｏｕｓｌｙ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎｙ               ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔ               ｌａｃｋｌｕｓｔｅｒ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ:               "Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｕｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               [Ｉ               ｗｉｓｈ]               ｔｏ               ａｒｒａｉｇｎ;               ｉｎｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｙ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｍａｒｋｅｄ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｓｔｅｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｏｍｉｎｏｕｓ               ｗａｒ."[ｘｘｘｖ]               Ａｓ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｗａｓ               ｒｏｙａｌｉｓｔ,               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ｓｕｃｈ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌ               ｏｆ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               27ｔｈ               1780               ｓｔｒｉｋｅｓ               ａ               ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｐａｒｏｃｈｉａｌ               ｃｒｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｅａｃｅ:
               Ｉｆ               ｗｅ               ａｒｅ               ａｔ               ｗａｒ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ,               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｒｄｅｎ               ｉｆ               ａ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌ               ｗａｒ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｉｎｋ,               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｏｕｒ               ｔｒｅａｓｕｒｅ               ｈａｓ               ｄｉｓａｐｐｅａｒｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ａｎｙ               ｈｏｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ.

Ｗｅ               ｍａｙ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｌｏｓｓｅｓ               ｎｏｗ,               ｆｏｒ               ｗｈａｔ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ａｒｅ               ｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｌｙ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ｉｎ               ｗａｒ?

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｓｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒ               ｃａｎ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｂｅ               ｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ａ               ｐｅａｃｅ.

Ｌｅｔ               ｕｓ               ｂｅ               ｕｎａｎｉｍｏｕｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄａｙ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｄｉｓｔａｎｔ,               ｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｏｕｓ,               ｏｒ               ｄｉｓｈｏｎｏｒａｂｌｅ."[ｘｘｘｖｉ]
               Ｓｕｍｍａｒｙ
               Ａ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｕｒｉｏｕｓ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｔｅａｍｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               ｇｒｅａｔｌｙ               ｄｉｓｔｒｅｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｆａｍｉｎｅ:               ａ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｙ               ｉｎ               1787               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               256,000               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               15,000               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｄｉｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｍａｌｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ａｓ               ｈｉｇｈ               ａｓ               24,000.[ｘｘｘｖｉｉ]               Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               "ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               1780ｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎｙ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｈａｄ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ."[ｘｘｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗａｓ               ｓｈｏｗｉｎｇ               ｓｉｇｎｓ               ｏｆ               ａｇｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅａｋｎｅｓｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｒｉｂｂｅａｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ａｄｊｕｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｓｔｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｅｃｌｉｐｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｎｏｔ               ａｓ               ｌｕｃｒａｔｉｖｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ａｄｊｕｓｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｅ.

Ｉｎｃａｐａｂｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｙｎａｍｉｓｍ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｓｍ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｌｄ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｌｏｓｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｇｒａｖｉｔａｔｅｄ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｎｅｗ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｓｓ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｄｏｏｍｉｎｇ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓ.
               Ｙｅｔ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｔｈ               Ｍｏｒｇａｎ               ｈｏｌｄ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｑｕｉｔｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｌｅ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｉｔｅ               ｓｏｉｌ               ｅｘｈａｕｓｔｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ａ               "ｒｅｄ               ｈｅｒｒｉｎｇ"               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               "ｂｙ               35               ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               1750               ａｎｄ               1830,               ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ａｃｈｉｅｖｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｃａｌｅ."[ｘｘｘｉｘ]               Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｄｅｅｄ               ａｎ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ａｆｔｅｒ               1783,               ｉｔ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｌａｎｄ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｗａｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｂｖｉａｔｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｔａｘ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ,               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｕｇａｒ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ               ｌｅｖｅｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｂｔ.

"Ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ               ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｉｇｈｔｅｅｎｔｈ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ               ｓｈｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｓｌａｖｅ               ｌａｂｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ."[ｘｌ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｎ               ｅｘｔｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄｎ'ｔ               ｓｅｌｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏ               ｄｅｂｔ-ｒｉｄｄｅｎ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｏｎ               ｒｕｎｎｉｎｇ               ｅｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｎｏｍｉｎａｌｌｙ               ｏｗｎｅｄ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｔ-ｗａｒ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｍｏｎｏｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｍｐｏｒｔｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ               ｂａｓｉｓ
               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｉｆ               ｂｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｒｅｎｃｈ-ｈｅｌｄ               ｉｓｌａｎｄｓ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｎｅｗ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｆｏｒ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｈｉｐｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｉｎｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ｔｒａｄｅ,               ｈａｄ               "ａｎ               ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ
               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               -               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ."[ｘｌｉ]               Ｆｒｏｍ               ａｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｅｗ,               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｒｄｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｌａｎｔｅｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ
               ａ               ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ.

Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｄｏｉｎｇ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｅａｄｉｌｙ               ｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｃｏｎｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ｆａｌｌｉｎｇ,               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｅ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅｎ               ａｓｓｕｍｅｄ.

Ｊａｍａｉｃａ'ｓ               ｄａｙｓ               ｏｆ
               ｉｍｍｅｎｓｅ               ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒ.
               Ｅｎｄｎｏｔｅｓ
               [ｉ]               Ｌｏｗｅｌｌ               Ｊ.

Ｒａｇａｔｚ,               Ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｌａｎｔｅｒ               Ｃｌａｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｃａｒｉｂｂｅａｎ,               1763-1833;               Ａ               Ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ.

(Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ,               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               1928)               ｖｉｉ
               [ｉｉ]               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｉｇｈｔｅｅｎｔｈ               Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ"               ｉｎ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ,               (Ｖｏｌ.

18,               Ｎｏ.2,               1965)               296
               [ｉｉｉ]               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｉｎｓｕｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｓｃａｒｅ               ｏｆ               1776               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ"               ｉｎ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｎｅｇｒｏ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               (Ｖｏｌ.

61,               Ｎｏ.

3,               Ｊｕｌ.,               1976)               290
               [ｉｖ]               Ｒａｇａｔｚ,               142-3
               [ｖ]               Ｈｕｇｈ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ,               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｔｒａｄｅ.

(Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:               Ｓｉｍｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｃｈｕｓｔｅｒ,               1997)               284
               [ｖｉ]               Ｅｒｉｃ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ,               Ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｓｍ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ.

(Ｃｈａｐｅｌ               Ｈｉｌｌ:               Ｕｎｉｖ.

ｏｆ               Ｎ.

Ｃａｒｏｌｉｎａ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1944)               22
               [ｖｉｉ]               Ｒａｇａｔｚ,               16
               [ｖｉｉｉ]               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉｅｓ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ"               ｉｎ               Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｒｙ               Ｑｕａｒｔｅｒｌｙ,               (3ｒｄ               Ｓｅｒ.,               Ｖｏｌ.

33,               Ｎｏ.

4,               Ｏｃｔ.

1974)               622
               [ｉｘ]               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｊ.

ＭｃＣｕｓｋｅｒ,               "Ｇｒｏｗｔｈ,               Ｓｔａｇｎａｔｉｏｎ,               ｏｒ               Ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ?

Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉｅｓ,               1763-1790"               ｉｎ               Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎ,               Ｒｏｎａｌｄ.

(ｅｄ.)               Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｏｆ               Ｅａｒｌｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               Ｐｅｒｉｏｄ,               1763-1790.

(Ｃｈａｒｌｏｔｔｅｓｖｉｌｌｅ:               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               Ｖｉｒｇｉｎｉａ,               1988)               ｃｉｔｉｎｇ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｏｆ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               Ｐａｐｅｒｓ,               299
               [ｘ]               Ｓｅｌｗｙｎ               Ｃａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ,               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｇａｒ               Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｂｏｌｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｔｒａｄｅ,               1775-1810.

(Ｇａｉｎｅｓｖｉｌｌｅ:               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ,               2002)               Ｃａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ               ｉｓ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ-ｂｏｒｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｈａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔ.
               [ｘｉ]               Ｒａｇａｔｚ,               165
               [ｘｉｉ]               Ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｇａｒ               ｅｘｐｏｒｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｔａｘａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｅｅ               Ｓｅｌｗｙｎ               Ｃａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ,               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｇａｒ               Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｂｏｌｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｔｒａｄｅ,               1775-1810.

(Ｇａｉｎｅｓｖｉｌｌｅ:               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ,               2002)               51-58
               [ｘｉｉｉ]               Ｃａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ,               55
               [ｘｉｖ]               ＭｃＣｕｓｋｅｒ,               291
               [ｘｖ]               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ"               297
               [ｘｖｉ]               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｂ.

Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               Ｓｕｇａｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ;               Ａｎ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｉｎｄｉｅｓ,               1623-1775.

(Ｂａｌｔｉｍｏｒｅ:               Ｊｏｈｎｓ               Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1974)               378-79
               [ｘｖｉｉ]               Ｄｏｕｇｌａｓ               Ｈａｌｌ,               Ｉｎ               Ｍｉｓｅｒａｂｌｅ               Ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ               -               Ｔｈｅ               Ｐａｐｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｔｈｉｓｔｌｅｗｏｏｄ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               1750-86.

(Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ;               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:               Ｍａｃｍｉｌｌａｎ,               1989)               239
               [ｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               259
               [ｘｉｘ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               260
               [ｘｘ]               Ｈａｌｌ,               265
               [ｘｘｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               277
               [ｘｘｉｉ]               Ｂｅｔｔｙ               Ｗｏｏｄ,               ａｎｄ               Ｔ.Ｒ.

Ｌｙｎｎ               Ｃｌａｙｔｏｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｓｉｍｏｎ               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｔｏ               Ｃｈａｌｏｎｅｒ               Ａｒｃｅｄｅｋｎｅ,               1765-1775"               ｉｎ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ,               (ｅｄ.)               ｉｎ               Ｔｒａｖｅｌ,               Ｔｒａｄｅ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｔｌａｎｔｉｃ,               1765-1884.

Ｃａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅ,               ＵＫ;               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ,               ＮＹ,               ＵＳＡ:               Ｃａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｏｙａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｌ               Ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ,               2002.

138
               [ｘｘｉｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               139
               [ｘｘｉｖ]               Ｗｏｏｄ,               146
               [ｘｘｖ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               148
               [ｘｘｖｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               149
               [ｘｘｖｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               152
               [ｘｘｖｉｉｉ]Ｒｏｄｅｒｉｃｋ               Ａ.

ＭｃＤｏｎａｌｄ,               Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ               Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               Ｓｌａｖｅｓ:               Ｇｏｏｄｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｈａｔｔｅｌｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｕｇａｒ               Ｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｏｕｉｓｉａｎａ.

(Ｂａｔｏｎ               Ｒｏｕｇｅ:               Ｌｏｕｉｓｉａｎａ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1993)               18
               [ｘｘｉｘ]               Ｊａｃｏｂ               Ｍ               Ｐｒｉｃｅ,               "Ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ"               ｉｎ               Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎ,               Ｒｏｎａｌｄ.

(ｅｄ.)               Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｏｆ               Ｅａｒｌｙ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               Ｐｅｒｉｏｄ,               1763-1790.

(Ｃｈａｒｌｏｔｔｅｓｖｉｌｌｅ:               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               Ｖｉｒｇｉｎｉａ,               1988)               319
               [ｘｘｘ]               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ"               621
               [ｘｘｘｉ]               Ｄａｖｉｄ               Ｄｏｕｇｌａｓｓ               ａｎｄ               Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｅｒ               Ａｉｋｍａｎ,               ｂｏｔｈ               ｂｏｒｎ               ｉｎ               Ｓｃｏｔｌａｎｄ,               ｗｅｒｅ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｈａｒｌｅｓｔｏｎ,               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｃａｒｏｌｉｎａ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ               ｒｅｖｏｌｔｅｄ.

Ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｐｒｏｎｏｕｎｃｅｄ               ｌｏｙａｌｉｓｔ               ｓｙｍｐａｔｈｉｅｓ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｌｅｆｔ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ａｎｄ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｊａｍａｉｃａ               Ｍｅｒｃｕｒｙ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｆｔｅｒ               1780               ｗａｓ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｏｙａｌ               Ｇａｚｅｔｔｅ.
               [ｘｘｘｉｉ]Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               Ｍｅｒｃｕｒｙ,               (Ｖｏｌ.

1,               Ｎｏ.

9,               Ｊｕｎｅ               5,               1779)
               [ｘｘｘｉｉｉ]Ｊａｍａｉｃａｎ               Ｍｅｒｃｕｒｙ,               (Ｖｏｌ.

1,               Ｎｏ.2,               Ｍａｙ               3,               1779)
               [ｘｘｘｉｖ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               (Ｖｏｌ.

1,               Ｎｏ.6,               Ｍａｙ               29,               1779)
               [ｘｘｘｖ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.
               [ｘｘｘｖｉ]Ｒｏｙａｌ               Ｇａｚｅｔｔｅ,               (Ｖｏｌ.

11,               Ｎｏ.

54,               Ａｐｒｉｌ               27,               1780)
               [ｘｘｘｖｉｉ]               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ"               632
               [ｘｘｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｃａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ,               285
               [ｘｘｘｉｘ]               Ｓｅｅ               Ｋｅｎｎｅｔｈ               Ｍｏｒｇａｎ,               Ｓｌａｖｅｒｙ,               Ａｔｌａｎｔｉｃ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ,               1660-1800.

(Ｃａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅ:               Ｃａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               2000)               51,               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｔｈｏｒｏｕｇｈ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｒｅｆｕｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｔｈｅｏｒｙ.

Ｈｅ               ｊｏｉｎｓ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｓｅｙｍｏｕｒ               Ｄｒｅｓｃｈｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｏｏｋ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｃｉｄｅ.
               [ｘｌ]               Ｃａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ,               279
               [ｘｌｉ]               Ｓｈｅｒｉｄａｎ,               "Ｃｒｉｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               Ｓｌａｖｅ               Ｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ"               641






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